#ut C2 ta.es ad& in ma.ing#ut C2 ta.es ad& in ma.APLIKASI KOGNITIF SAINS (APPLIED COGNITIVE SCIENCE) KOGNITIF SAINS : Suatu bidang baru yang bersifat interdisipliner Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, embracing philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, and anthropology. Urine actually lea&es hypotonicUrine actually lea&es hypotonic Into hypertonic urine )don4tinto hypertonic urine )don4tĬounter'current multiplier!Counter'current multiplier!Ģescending loop is permea#le to2escending loop is permea#le * Cl'* * Cl'* 6600Īscending loop is impermea#le toAscending loop is impermea#le toĦ60' acti&e -aCl transport0' acti&e -aCl transportĬreates concentration gradient inCreates concentration gradient in Mo&es across a permea#le#arrier in the direction fromgreater to lesserconcentration9ģ&age ro& +2i5iCountercurrentGexc+angeġoal5 ma.e isotonic >ltrate1oal5 ma.e isotonic >ltrate $u't!('!ere/e"t9 A su#stance to #e exchanged ,he structure and transportproperties of the 'oo( o&He'ein the nephron createthe. Hors&a'' (rote! )$a! "o$(oetHors&a'' (rote! )$a! "o$(oeto& *+a'!e "asts-o& *+a'!e "asts-Ĭountercurrent exchangeCountercurrent exchange Meta#olites* some drugs* somemeta#olites* some drugs* someĭistal tubuleDistal tubule "ost acti&e secretion "ost acti&e secretionta.es place here includingta.es place here including orga!"orga!"Ī"!ds, K#, H#, drugs, Ta$$%a"!ds, K#, H#, drugs, Ta$$% Proximal tubuleProximal tubule uric acid* #ile salts* uric acid* #ile salts* Loop of rea$sor$s "' o iltered Na+.ĭistal rea$sor$s o iltered Na+.Rea$sor$s HCO3-.Ĭollecting rea$sor$s t+e re&aining " o Na+only i t+e
(lucose? car$o+ydrates? aminoacids, andsmall proteinsare also rea$sor$ed +ere. Proximal rea$sor$s )' o iltered Na+as 2ell as Cl-,Ca2+, PO4, o H20. Hat is $ea#sor#ed hereDhat is $ea#sor#ed hereD Rate of owRate of owof the >ltrate! a3ects the timeof the >ltrate! a3ects the timeĪ&aila#le for the transporters to rea#sor#a&aila#le for the transporters to rea#sor# The urine )eg* renal threshold for glucose isthe urine )eg* renal threshold for glucose isa#out /:0mg7dl+9a#out /:0mg7dl+9 SaturationSaturation:: ,ransporters can get,ransporters can get saturatedsaturated#y high concentrations of a su#stance '#y high concentrations of a su#stance 'įailure to resor# all of it results in its loss infailure to resor# all of it results in its loss in
antiporters antiporters channelsIon channels smosissmosis symporters )glucose* a9a9* symporters )glucose* a9a9* ,he $esponse to a $eduction in the 1$,he $esponse to a $eduction in the 1$Īcti&e ,ransport re?uires A,PActi&e ,ransport re?uires A,P "easure of functional capacity of the"easure of functional capacity of theĢependent on di3erence in pressures2ependent on di3erence in pressures#et(een capillaries and Bo(man4s#et(een capillaries and Bo(man4s *+e a$ility o a &olecule to cross t+e &e&$rane depends on siġlomerular iltration $ate1lomerular iltration $ate $esponsi#le for urine formation!$esponsi#le for urine formation!įro& +ttp0222.e&c.&acultyara$eeB34B,BioBoo5E6CRE*.+t&lĬo&ponents o plas&a cross t+e t+ree layers o t+e glo&erular $arrierĮpit+eliu& o Bo2&an:s Capsule 8Podocytes iltration slits allo2 si5D9 $egulation of #lood pressure$egulation of #lood pressure $egulation of acid'#ase #alance$egulation of acid'#ase #alance Excretion of (aste products )urea* ammonia*Excretion of (aste products )urea* ammonia*ĭrugs* toxins+drugs* toxins+ Production and secretion of hormonesProduction and secretion of hormones $egulation of electrolyte #alance$egulation of electrolyte #alance $egulation of #ody %uid &olume and$egulation of #ody %uid &olume andosmolalityosmolality Unctions of the Kidney!unctions of the Kidney! Kidney Location and ExternalKidney Location and External The circumstances.Increased fluid intake generally increases urineproduction.Increased perspiration and respiration maydecrease the amount of fluid ecreted through thekidneys.!ome medications interfere directly or indirectly"ith urine production, such as diuretics.(physiology)(physiology)
Organ system that produces, stores, and carriesurineHumans produce about 1.5 liters of urine over 24hours, although this amount may vary according to PENANGANAN NYERIPENANGANAN NYERIRSUP WAHIDINRSUP WAHIDIN PERAWATAN INTENSIF, DANPERAWATAN INTENSIF, DAN Anatomy and Physiology of UrinaryAnatomy and Physiology of UrinaryīAGIAN ANESTESIOLOGI,BAGIAN ANESTESIOLOGI,
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